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The European research project DIFFERENCE is focussed on the development, optimisation and validation of screening methods for dioxin analysis, including bio-analytical and chemical techniques (CALUX, GC-LRMS/MS, GCxGC-ECD) and on the optimisation and validation of new extraction and clean-up procedures. The performance of these techniques is assessed in an international validation study and the results...
Interlaboratory comparsion exercises on the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in three natural foodstuffs have been performed annually since 2000 by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Up to 77 laboratories from 24 countries world-wide have reported results. The data have been statistically analysed...
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are considered highly toxic contaminants and the environmental and biological monitoring of these compounds is of great concern. Immunoassays may be used as screening methods to satisfy the growing demand for rapid and low cost analysis. In this work, we describe the application of an immunoassay that uses 2,3,7-trichloro-8-methyldibenzo-p-dioxin...
During the last six years several incidents have occurred with dioxins in feed, stressing the need for rapid screening methods for these compounds. The most recent incident was the contamination of bakery waste used for animal feed due to the use of waste wood for drying of the material. In addition to Germany, the material was also shipped to the Netherlands. Levels up to 12ng TEQ/kg have been detected,...
This article reviews some of the recent developments in the extraction and clean-up areas of biological samples dedicated to dioxin and related compound analysis. A brief introduction on the major dioxin contamination events, which have occurred in the food chain, is given to illustrate the need of fast high throughput methods in case of crises. The emphasis of this paper is the method development...
Established and comprehensively validated methodology for the analysis of PCDDs, PCDFs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food, animal feed and other matrices is presented. The method achieves the analytical standards of EU protocols (2002/69/EC and 2002/70/EC) that are used to determine the compliance of food and animal feed to maximum permissible levels of chlorinated dioxins in these commodities...
The reporter gene expression method CALUX has proven to be a very valuable screening technique for assessing toxic equivalents of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, because it detects all AhR ligands in a variety of sample matrices. However, the exact meaning of the CALUX response is difficult to evaluate for complex mixtures mainly since not all AhR ligands are known and since antagonistic or synergistic...
A new approach has been developed and tested for the urgent analysis of dioxins in samples of air-dust filters originating from catastrophe emissions. The procedure consists of a fast extraction of the sample with microwave solvent extraction (MASE) and acetone as solvent followed by a fast cleanup of the extract with normal phase coupled column liquid chromatography (LC/LC).The multi-dimensional...
Proper epidemiological, risk assessment and exposure analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) requires accurate measurements of these chemicals both in the species of interest and in various exposure matrices (i.e. biological, environmental, food and feed). High-resolution instrumental analysis techniques are established for...
This paper gives an overview on the determination of PBDEs in biological tissues, such as human blood and milk, cow's milk and fish with special emphasis on quality control and assurance measures which are mandatory and a prerequisite for a reliable determination of environmental pollutants at trace levels. First experiences in the determination of PBDEs have been gained nearly 20 years ago. Due to...
This paper presents Chemically Activated LUciferine gene eXpression (CALUX) TEQ-values obtained for nine plasma samples following two different purification procedures, one of them involving fractionation. CALUX results obtained for the dioxin (DX) and dioxin + PCB (DX + PCB) fractions were then compared to the GC-HRMS TEQ-values calculated for the 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated...
European legislation laid down maximum tolerable levels of dioxin in feed and food as well as analytical method requirements. In order to face with large monitoring programs, it was foreseen in the EU strategy to integrate screening methods, using either a qualitative (screening) approach, or a quantitative approach. In this study, dioxin results obtained using the Dioxin Responsive Chemical-Activated...
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with isotope-dilution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-IDTOFMS) was used to measure polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (cPCB) concentrations in ash, sediment, vegetation, and fish samples. The GC x GC capability was achieved by using a quad jet, dual stage, thermal...
As a consequence of an initiative of the local authorities of the city of Antwerp (Belgium), dioxin levels were determined in eggs from free range hens owned by private owners in the Northern districts of Antwerp. The reasons for this survey stem from some fears that free range eggs could be contaminated by local environmental sources (e.g. soil, grass, earthworms) as a result of the presence in this...
Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins are a large and diverse group of environmental pollutants. Their tendency to accumulate in the food chain and their toxicity make monitoring necessary. The reference analysis method is laborious and very expensive, therefore cheap and rapid bioassays have been developed. The chemical-activated luciferase bioassay (CALUX)...
Differences between chemical activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) bioassay and chemoanalyses results are observed.This paper shows that calculations of the TEQ values using REP values instead of WHO TEF values give different results. The REP values do affect the results obtained by the CALUX technique. These differences are more marked for the dioxin like PCB compounds (CALUX TEQ values are...
Analyses of dioxins in food have become increasingly important since the European Commission has enforced maximal toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) levels in various food and feed products. Screening methodologies are usually used to exempt those samples that are below the maximum permitted limit and that can, therefore, be released to the market. In addition, one needs to select those samples...
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